Device, System, and Method of Detecting Vishing Attacks

ABSTRACT

Devices, systems, and methods of detecting a vishing attack, in which an attacker provides to a victim step-by-step over-the-phone instructions that command the victim to log-in to his bank account and to perform a dictated banking transaction. The system monitors transactions, online operations, user interactions, gestures performed via input units, speed and timing of data entry, and user engagement with User Interface elements. The system detects that the operations performed by the victim, follow a pre-defined playbook of a vishing attack. The system detects that the victim operates under duress or under dictated instructions, as exhibited in irregular doodling activity, data entry rhythm, typographical error introduction rhythm, unique posture of the user, alternating pattern of listening to phone instructions and performing online operations via a computer, and device orientation changes or spatial changes that characterize a device being used to perform an online transaction while also talking on the phone.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation-in-Part (CIP) of U.S. Ser. No. 15/819,400, filed on Nov. 21, 2017, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

The present invention is related to electronic devices and computerized systems.

BACKGROUND

Millions of people utilize mobile and non-mobile electronic devices, such as smartphones, tablets, laptop computers and desktop computers, in order to perform various activities. Such activities may include, for example, browsing the Internet, sending and receiving electronic mail (email) messages, taking photographs and videos, engaging in a video conference or a chat session, playing games, or the like.

Some activities may be privileged, or may require authentication of the user in order to ensure that only an authorized user engages in the activity. For example, a user may be required to enter a username and a password in order to access an email account, or in order to access an online banking website.

SUMMARY

The present invention may include, for example, systems, devices, and methods for detecting a “vishing” attack (or other type of social engineering attack, or fraud), and/or for stopping or preventing or combatting such attack. Some embodiments enable a computerized system to defend itself against such attack(s), and to have new capabilities that enable the computerized system to autonomously stop such attack(s) and/or to autonomously take mitigation operations or reparation operations for such attack(s).

Some embodiments may enable a computerized system to differentiate or distinguish between: (i) a legitimate user (e.g., the real or true owner of an online account) that voluntarily and freely operates under his own free will and without duress, and (ii) the legitimate user that operates under duress and/or that performs computerized operations under the dictated instructions or the dictated guidelines that are conveyed to him by a third party (e.g., a remote third party such as a fraudulent person that poses to be a customer service representative).

Some embodiments may further distinguish among: between: (i) a legitimate user (e.g., the real or true owner of an online account) that voluntarily and freely operates under his own free will and without duress, and (ii) the legitimate user that operates under duress and/or that performs computerized operations under the dictated instructions or the dictated guidelines that are conveyed to him by a third party (e.g., a remote third party such as a fraudulent person (“fraudster”) that poses to be a customer service representative), and (iii) an illegitimate user that logs-in or accesses an online account and is not the legitimate user (e.g., is not the true owner or the real owner of that account).

Some embodiments may operate to detect or to confirm identity of a user of an electronic device, and/or for determining whether or not an electronic device is being used by a fraudulent user or by a legitimate user, and/or for differentiating or distinguishing between (or among) users of a computerized service or between (or among) users of an electronic device.

The present invention may provide other and/or additional benefits or advantages.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic block-diagram illustration of a system, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME DEMONSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The Applicants have realized that in addition to a “phishing” attack, in which a fraudulent email attempts to lure a user to log-in into a fake website that poses as a legitimate website (and thus operates to steal user credentials), other types of attacks and social engineering schemes may be utilized against users of electronic devices, such as a “vishing” attack as described herein.

The Applicants have realized that some criminals or fraudulent users or “fraudsters” perpetrate fraud by performing social engineering upon victims, particularly via a “vishing” attack in which the victim is persuaded or lured to submit or to perform online financial transactions under false pretenses, particularly based on telephonic guidelines or telephonic instructions that are provided to the victim by the fraudster who poses to be a customer service representative that attempts to help the victim over the telephone.

In a first example, a criminal Carl calls by phone the victim Victor; the criminal Carl poses over the telephone to be a representative of a bank in which the victim Victor has an account. The criminal Carl explains to the victim Victor that the bank account of victim Victor was compromised, and that the bank is now opening a new non-compromised account for victim Victor, and that the representative Carl will now guide the victim Victor how to log-in to his current bank account in order to transfer his funds from it to the newly-opened bank account. Then, the criminal Carl guides the victim Victor to access the real and legitimate website of the bank; to log-in to the victim's real and legitimate bank account, using his real credentials; and then, the criminal Carl guides the victim Victor to do a wire transfer to a destination account, that is said to be the newly-opened non-compromised bank account of the victim Victor, but is in fact a third-party bank account that is controlled by criminal Carl. The victim Victor proceeds to perform these online operations, based on telephonic instructions that are dictated to him over the phone.

The Applicants have realized that this type of attack(s), sometimes referred to as a “vishing” attack, may be very difficult to detect and/or to prevent; since, for example, the online transaction is performed by the legitimate user (the real owner of the bank account), who enters his real and regular credentials (username and password), who utilizes his regular computer and his regular web browser from his regular Internet Protocol (IP) address (such as from his home); and may even perform two-factor authentication (e.g., by clicking on an authentication link that is provided to him by email, or be entering a code that is sent to him via SMS message). Similarly, other security measures that aim to validate the identity of the user, such as security questions that are presented to the user, are ineffective to stop vishing attacks since it is indeed the legitimate user that logs-in and performs the online operations that (unknown to him) carry out the fraudulent transaction that benefits the fraudster based on the guidelines from the fraudster.

The terms “vishing” or “vishing attack” as used herein may comprise, for example, an attack (or a social engineering process which is part of an attack) against a victim, in which the attacker contacts the victim via telephone (e.g., landline, cellular phone, mobile phone, Voice over IP telephony, or the like), the attacker poses to be a representative of an organization (e.g., bank, banking institution, credit card company, lender, financial institution), and the attacker persuades the victim to perform operations on a computing device of the victim (e.g., a computer, a laptop, a smartphone, a tablet) in which the victim is directed by the attacker to log-in or to sign-in into the victim's online account and then the victim is directed by the attacker to perform online operations that yield a benefit to the attacker and/or that cause damage to the victim and/or that cause damage to a third party (e.g., the bank, the credit card issuer, or the like); particularly, for example, operations in which the attacker dictates to the victim instructions or guideline to perform funds transfer from the victim's own account to another account which is actually controlled by the attacker. In some embodiments, the terms “vishing” or “vishing attack” may comprise other types of attacks in which the victim is contacted by a criminal or a fraudster or an attacker that guides or directs or commands the victim to perform certain operations, and/or in which the victim is performing certain operations online under duress or under the dictated commands of an attacker. In some embodiments, the terms “vishing” or “vishing attack” may comprise an attack in which a non-human caller, such as a robot-caller or robo-caller or a computerized machine or automated machine or other “bot” interacts via a telephone call with the victim and/or guides the victim which operations to perform online; as well as an attack performed by a combination of a human attacker and a non-human attack module (e.g., the human attacker calls the victim and narrates an introductory explanation, and then directs the victim to follow the guidelines that an automated machine or message provides over the phone).

Some embodiments of the present invention may detect a vishing attack in real time, or near real time, or substantially simultaneously or concurrently as the vishing attack (or at least a portion thereof) is carried out; for example, by monitoring online operations of the victim in real time or near real time (e.g., several seconds after each operations is performed) and analyzing them (e.g., as described herein) to deduce or to estimate or to determine that a vishing attack is being performed; and to immediately send a notification or indication of such real-time vishing attack to a suitable recipient (e.g., cyber security team or fraud department of the bank). Some embodiments may detect a vishing attack in retrospect, after it occurred, and/or after it was completed, and/or after it was attempted; for example, by inspecting and analyzing logged transactions and/or logged user interactions that were already performed, and by deducing from them that a certain transaction and/or that a certain set of operations were performed by the victim within a vishing attack. Some embodiments may provide autonomous real-time vishing attack detection and protection (e.g., stopping or rejecting an attempted transaction in real time), and/or autonomous retrospective or after-the-fact detection and mitigation (e.g., cancelling or reversing an already-submitted transaction or even an already-performed transaction).

A first set of embodiments of the present invention operates to automatically detect a vishing attack based on Playbook Detection. The Applicants have realized that when a fraudster guides or instructs the victim what to do, the fraudster often follows a pre-defined, fraudulent, “playbook” or step-by-step set of instructions that the fraudster is dictating to the victim over the phone, detailing which online operations to do exactly, and in which order or sequence, and often further dictating to the victim which buttons to click, which fields to fill out, which fields to leave blank, which User Interface (UI) or GUI elements to utilize or to engage (e.g., to operate a drop-down menu, to scroll down or up or sideways), or the like. In accordance with the present invention, a “vishing” playbook may be pre-defined or profiled by the computerized system of the present invention by taking into account multiple parameters, for example: list of actions taken, GUI elements that were selected and/or clicked and/or otherwise engaged, list of input fields that were filled out, the sequence or order of such actions, the time that elapsed between such actions, or the like. Accordingly, the particular sequence or list of operations that a user performs in his online account in a usage session, is compared to or is analyzed in view of various Vishing Playbook Profiles, in order to find a sufficient match or similarity to at least one such Playbook; a similarity score, indicating how similar the user's operations are, relative to a particular Vishing Playbook Profile, may be generated by the system and utilized as a risk score or risk indicator; such that the greater the similarity between the operations that the user performed and the pre-defined playbook profile of a vishing attack, the more likely is it that the set of operations that the user performed were indeed performed due to a dictating fraudster and not in a voluntary free manner.

A second set of embodiments of the present invention operates to automatically detect a vishing attack, based on detecting that the user of an online service is operating the service under duress and/or under dictated instructions that are dictated to him. The Applicants have realized that a legitimate user that is not subject to a vishing attack, performs operations in an online service in a manner that is different from a vishing attack victim, who operates under the duress of dictated instructions and also has to hold a telephone and speak on the telephone in parallel to operating the online service; and that a user who is not a victim of a vishing attack is free to perform online operations without the need to speak on the phone at the same time and without the duress of being instructed what to do online. Accordingly, the present invention may detect a vishing attack based on the impact or the effect that such attack has, as reflected in user operations. For example, a rhythm of typing, and/or a rhythm of typographical errors, may be indicative that the user is being instructed what to type (and is thus a victim of a vishing attack); or conversely, may indicate that the user is more-probably operating freely and voluntarily without being dictated what to do or what to type. Additionally or alternatively, for example, a user that is not subject to a vishing attack exhibits focused and concise online operations, that do not waste his time and/or that reflect his intention to achieve a desired goal efficiently and without distraction; whereas in converse, a user that is a victim of a vishing attack may often spend time waiting and listening to instructions that are dictated to him over the phone and during that “waiting time” may often move the on-screen pointer (e.g., mouse pointer, touchpad pointer) aimlessly or in accordance with a pattern (e.g., moving the mouse-pointer back-and-forth or left-and-right or in circular movements) or performing “doodle” movements or un-purposefulness movements of the on-screen pointer while he waits or while he listens to the attacker's instructions. Monitoring and analyzing the user interactions may thus reveal whether it is more likely that the user acted under duress (e.g., within a vishing attack), or whether it is more likely that the user acted without duress and according to his own free will. The user interactions, that were performed within a certain user transaction or usage session (e.g., a wire transfer session), may thus be analyzed and/or compared to such criteria, in order to generate a risk score or a probability score that indicates how close the logged interactions are to a behavioral profile of a victim that operates under duress or to a victim that operates in a vishing attack unknown to himself.

A third set of embodiments of the present invention operates to automatically detect a vishing attack, based on detecting or estimating that the user of an online service is operating the service while the user is also speaking on the telephone, and/or while the user has an on-the-phone posture or position, and/or while the user is holding a telephone to his ear concurrently to performing online operations. The Applicants have realized that a victim of a vishing attack, who needs to hold and operate a telephone (e.g., to receive the telephonic instructions of the attacker) in parallel to operating a computer (or computing device) to perform such instructions, exhibits behavioral characteristics that are different from those of a non-victim user who is not subject to a vishing attack. The fact that the user holds a telephone and also listens and talks through the telephone, while the user also operates the computer or the computing device, impacts or affects the posture and/or the user's behavior and/or the user's interactions with the computer (or computing device, or the “app” or website). Experiments performed by the Applicants have shown that a user that performs operations in an online service without holding and utilizing the phone, and the same user that performs operations in the same online service while also holding and utilizing the phone, exhibit different behavioral characteristics with regard to, for example, typing speed, typing rhythm, typographical errors frequency, typographical errors rhythm, mouse movement (or other on-screen pointer movement), and/or other characteristics that may be sensed by a sensor and/or accelerometer and/or gyroscope and/or compass and/or device orientation sensor of the user's device. The user interactions, that were performed within a certain user transaction or usage session (e.g., a wire transfer session), may thus be analyzed and/or compared based on such criteria, in order to generate a risk score or a probability score that indicates how close the logged interactions are to a behavioral profile of a victim that performs these interactions in parallel to also holding a telephone and/or speaking on the phone and/or listening on the phone.

Reference is made to FIG. 1, which is a schematic block-diagram illustration of a system 100, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments of the present invention. For example, a device 101 (e.g., laptop computer, desktop computer, tablet, smartphone) is utilized by a victim user 199 in order to access and to perform online operations in a computerized service 103 (e.g., a banking website, an online banking system, or the like), for example over the Internet or over wireless communication link(s) and/or wired communication link(s). The victim user 199 is also holding or utilizing, concurrently, a phone 104, through which he receives instructions or commands that are dictated to him by a remote attacker 198 who utilizes his own phone 106 to convey such instructions to the victim user 199.

For example, device 101 may comprise: a processor 110 to execute code; a memory unit 111 to store data (e.g., Flash memory); a storage unit 112 to store data long-term (e.g., Flash memory; hard disk drive; solid state drive); a display unit 113 (e.g., screen, monitor, touch-screen); other output unit(s) 114 (e.g., headphones, audio speakers); one or more input units 115 (such as, mouse, touch-screen, microphone); a wireless transceiver 116 (e.g., Wi-Fi transceiver, Bluetooth transceiver, cellular transceiver); optionally, one or more accelerometers 117, one or more gyroscopes 118 (or other device-orientation sensors), one or more compass units 119; an Operating System (OS) 120; one or more applications 121 or “apps” (e.g., a mobile application, a native application, a mobile-friendly application, a desktop application, a browser-based application); and/or other suitable hardware components and/or software components.

Computerized service 103 may comprise, or may be implemented by using, for example, a web server 103A, an application server 103B, a database 103C, and/or other suitable components. For example, computerized service 103 may be an online banking service, which may comprise or may utilize a web server to serve pages of the website of the banking entity to its customers, and/or an application server to run server-side applications and/or to perform server-side operations (e.g., to perform the banking operations that carry out a “funds transfer” command), and/or a database that stores banking records of customers, or the like.

The system 100 monitors and logs the interactions of the victim user 199 with the computerized service 103, and particularly monitors and logs: (i) the transactions performed by the victim user 199 (e.g., wire transfer; balance inquiry), and (ii) the online operations performed by the victim user 199 and his engagement with UI elements or GUI elements (e.g., the victim user 199 clicks on a “confirm” on-screen button; the victim user 199 engages with a drop-down menu GUI element to select a bank account), and (iii) the actual interactions that the victim user 199 performs via one or more of the input units.

For example, a Transactions Monitoring/Logging Module 121 monitors and logs which transactions are performed or commanded or submitted or initiated by the victim user; for example, logging that at time point T3 the victim user submitted a “wire funds” transaction. An Online Operations Monitoring/Logging Module 122 monitors and logs which operations were performed by the victim user; for example, that at time point T2 (e.g., five seconds before time point T1) the victim user engaged with the on-screen drop-down menu of selecting the source account for the funds to be transferred out. An Input Units Monitoring/Logging Module 123 monitor and logs that at time point T1 (e.g., three seconds before time point T2), the victim user performed a drag-and-drop operation of his computer mouse for one second in order to reach the drop-down menu and then the victim user left-clicked on that drop-down menu via his mouse and then he chose an item from the drop-down menu using the Arrow Keys on his keyboard and the Tab key on his keyboard.

It is noted that in some embodiments, modules 121 and/or 122 and/or 123 may be part of computerized service 103 (e.g., implemented as server-side units), and/or may be part of device 101 (e.g., implemented as client-side units), and/or may be a combination of modules which may be implemented as server-side module(s) and/or client-side module(s). For example, in some embodiments, the Transactions monitoring and logging may be performed at the server-side of computerized service 103, which receives the submitted commands to perform transactions and is supposed to execute them; and/or the transactions monitoring and logging may be performed at the client side in the device 100 which sends out the commands to perform such transactions. For example, the monitoring of Input Units interactions may be implemented as a client-side module, e.g., as part of the application or “app” (e.g., a banking application, or banking website) which locally monitors and logs all keystrokes and mouse-gestures and touchpad gestures; and/or may be implemented as client-side browser extension or plug-in or add-on, or as JavaScript/HTML5/CSS code portions. In some embodiments, the engagement of the user with various UI or GUI elements, may be monitored and logged in a client-side manner (e.g., logged locally upon a local click of the user on a GUI element) and/or in a server-side manner (e.g., logged at the server of the computerized service 103 which receives a signal that indicates that a certain GUI element was clicked, or was engaged). In some embodiments, data that was monitored and/or logged locally in (or at, or by) device 101, may be sent and/or uploaded from device 101 to the server of computerized service 103, or to a security module associated therewith, for further processing and/or server-side analysis. In some embodiments, data that was monitored and/or logged in (or at, or by) the computerized service 103 and/or its server, may be sent and/or transmitted from it to the device 101 for further local (client-side) analysis, and/or may be sent for another security module associated therewith.

The attacker 198 that dictates instructions to the victim user 199 over the phone, may follow a pre-defined Vishing Attack Playbook 197 that the attacker had prepared in advance and that he follows step-by-step. The Vishing Attack Playbook 197 comprises step-by-step instructions that are then converted at the victim's side to step-by-step operations, such as: (I) log-in to your (the victim's) account at MyBank.com; (II) click on “balance inquiry” on the left side; (III) click on “transfer funds” on the right side; (IV) select “immediate transfer” from the drop-down menu that contains the options of “immediate transfer” and “future transfer”; and so forth.

The system may comprise a Vishing Attack Playbook Database 151, which may store representations of one or more such Playbooks that are known or that are estimated, based on research performed by fraud prevention department or cyber security researchers. For example, based on retrospective analysis of several already-occurred vishing attacks at MyBank.com, the fraud department of that bank may observe a repeated pattern of monitored and logged Transactions and/or monitored and logged online operations and/or monitored and logged GUI engagement operations; and may be able to extract or to deduce a general Playbook that serves an attacker (or multiple attackers) that command that type of vishing attacks.

It is noted that the Vishing Attack Playbook 197 that is utilized by the attacker, may be for example a textual narrative of step-by-step instructions; whereas, each record in the Vishing Attack Playbook Database 151 may store digital representations of such instructions (or, of the online operations that are derived from them). For example, the Vishing Attack Playbook 197 that is utilized by the attacker may comprise a textual item of “Please click on Balance Inquiry on the left side”; whereas, a corresponding entry in the Playbook that is stored in the Vishing Attack Playbook Database 151 may represent “User (victim) clicked on (or otherwise selected) the Balance Inquiry hyperlink in the Account Summary web-page”.

A Vishing Playbook Matching Module 152 operates to search for, and to find, a match or a similarity between: (I) a transaction performed by the victim user and/or the online operations that yielded that transaction and/or the GUI engagement operations of those online operations; and (II) a representation of a Vishing Attack Playbook out of one or more such Playbooks that are stored in the Vishing Attack Playbook Database 151.

If the Vishing Playbook Matching Module 152 finds a match (e.g., an exact match), or a sufficiently-similar match (e.g., at least N percent of the victim's operations in this transactions have followed the operations in the Vishing Attack Playbook that is stored in database 151; wherein N may be 80 or 90 or other suitable threshold value), then a Playbook-Based Vishing Attack Detector 155 generates an indication or a message that a playbook-based detection of vishing has occurred; and a Fraud Mitigation Module 156 may perform one or more pre-defined mitigation operations (e.g., put a Hold on the associated transaction; add a Fraud Flag to the associated transaction; send a message to the fraud department; send a message to the victim user; lock the account until the victim authenticates to a customer service representative; or the like).

For demonstrative purposes, the Vishing Attack Playbook Database 151, the Vishing Playbook Matching Module 152, and the Playbook-Based Vishing Attack Detector 155 are depicted as server-side units of computerized service 103; however, one or some or all of them may be implemented as client-side modules in device 101; or they may be implemented as a combination of server-side and client-side modules.

One or more of the operations that are described above or herein, may be performed or implemented by a Vishing Attack Detector 177; which may be implemented as a server-side unit or module, or as a client-side (end-user device side) unit or module, or as a combination of server-side and client-side modules or units. For demonstrative purposes, Vishing Attack Detector 177 is depicted as a separate module; however, it may be implemented as a unit or module that comprises multiple other units or modules that are depicted, and/or may be implemented as part of (or in combination with) other module(s) or unit(s) depicted. For example, the playbook-based vishing attack detector 155, may be implemented as part of a more-general Vishing Attack Detector 177 able to detect vishing attack(s) based on playbook identification and/or based on other methods as described above and herein.

In some embodiments, computerized service 103 may comprise a real-time scanner 153 and/or a historic operations scanner 154, which may be configured to operate in conjunction with (or as part of; or as associated with) the Playbook-Based Vishing Attack Detector 155. For example, historic operations scanner 154 may scan and analyze a batch or a set of past transaction(s) and/or operation(s) of a particular user, or of a group of users, in order to identify that a set of such transactions and/or operations matches (e.g., sufficiently, beyond a pre-defined threshold value of similarity) at least one pre-defined Vishing Attack Playbook that had been profiled and defined in the Vishing Attack Playbook Database 152; and the historic operations scanner 154 may automatically detect and notify the administrator of computerized service 103 about such possibly-fraudulent past transactions that appear to be vishing related. The real-time scanner 153 may operate in real time or in near real time, to analyze a newly-submitted transaction (e.g., a newly-submitted transaction of “wire funds”) and to detect whether it matches a previously-defined Vishing Attack Playbook; and/or may analyze in real time a newly-performed UI or GUI engagement operation or an online operation, to check whether it fits into one or more of the Vishing Attack Playbooks that are stored in database 151, and to autonomously generate real-time or near-real-time alerts or possible-fraud notifications about such transactions and/or operations immediately as they occur or immediately as they are submitted for server-side fulfillment (e.g., and prior to actual server-side fulfillment of such requested transactions).

In some embodiments, a Duress Detector/Estimator 157 may operate to detect, or to estimate, that a particular transaction or that a set of operations were more-probably or most-probably performed by the user under duress, or under illegitimate influence or fraudulent influence of a third party, or while the user was obeying or following dictated instructions that were dictated to him by a third party.

For example, analysis of the user interactions that are associated with a submitted transactions, by a Doodling Detector 158, may indicate that a user performed “doodling” operations (e.g., repetitive movement of the on-screen pointer, typically according to a particular pattern or a shape, or back and forth, or in circular motion, or in polygon shape) during one or more time-periods of inactivity within a set of operations that yielded that transactions; and such detection of a doodling period or doodling time-slot or doodling activity, particularly within an important banking transactions such as a wire transfer, may trigger an estimation or determination that the user was operating under duress or under dictated instructions of a vishing attacker. Optionally, the detection of doodling activity may be indicative of a vishing attack, only if all or most or some of the prior transactions of that particular user, of the same type of transactions (e.g., prior wire transfers by that user), did not exhibit doodling activity at all; or exhibited doodling activity that is smaller than the current doodling activity by at least N percent of by other threshold value (e.g., the currently-analyzed doodling activity spanned 27 seconds during the transaction submission process, whereas prior transactions exhibited doodling activity for only 2 or 3 seconds per transaction submission process).

For example, analysis of the user interactions that are associated with a submitted transactions, by a Doodling Detector 158, may indicate that a user performed “doodling” operations (e.g., repetitive movement of the on-screen pointer, typically according to a particular pattern or a shape, or back and forth, or in circular motion, or in polygon shape) during one or more time-periods of inactivity within a set of operations that yielded that transactions; and such detection of a doodling period or doodling time-slot or doodling activity, particularly within an important banking transactions such as a wire transfer, may trigger an estimation or determination that the user was operating under duress or under dictated instructions of a vishing attacker. Optionally, the detection of doodling activity may be indicative of a vishing attack, only if all or most or some of the prior transactions of that particular user, of the same type of transactions (e.g., prior wire transfers by that user), did not exhibit doodling activity at all; or exhibited doodling activity that is smaller than the current doodling activity by at least N percent of by other threshold value (e.g., the currently-analyzed doodling activity spanned 27 seconds during the transaction submission process, whereas prior transactions exhibited doodling activity for only 2 or 3 seconds per transaction submission process).

Additionally or alternatively a “dead time” detector or an “idle time” (or “waiting time” or “down time”) detector may be included in the system; for example, to detect, measure and/or characterize, and then utilize or compare, “dead time” or “idle time” among or between user interactions or user gestures or GUI element engagement events. During such dead-time or idle-time, nothing occurs, and no input is sensed or detected via any input unit of the electronic device; not even aimless movement or purposeless doodling. In some embodiments, optionally, idle time gaps (e.g., between two such events or gestures or user-interactions) that are smaller than a pre-defined threshold value (e.g., smaller than 3 seconds, or smaller than 5 seconds, or smaller than N seconds) may be discarded or ignored. The Applicants have realized that during a vishing attack, the victim exhibits a greater number of such dead-time or idle-time events or gaps, and/or exhibits a greater average length (or maximum length, or minimum length, or median length, or the like) of such idle-time or dead-time periods, relative to a user that operates on her own accord and not under the instructions of a vishing attacker. Even though idle-time or dead-time events are detected to some extent in regular non-attacked usage, they are more frequent and/or more numerous and/or longer in a vishing attack, as the vishing victim spends idle time while he is listening to the vishing attacker and without performing any gestures or without interacting with the electronic device via any input unit. Accordingly, sensing and measuring the average idle-time events, their frequency, and/or their number in a usage session (or, in a particular portion of a usage session; such as, only during the engagement of the user with the “perform a wire transfer” page of a banking website), while comparing these parameters to previously-sensed parameters of that same user in previous usage sessions, and/or by comparing these parameters to pre-defined threshold values or ranges-of-values, may lead to a determination or an estimation that a vishing attack is detected.

Additionally or alternatively, in any implementation in which “typographical errors” are tracked or monitored or measured or analyzed as a characteristic that indicates vishing, the system may further monitor, track, measure, analyze and/or utilize (additionally, or alternatively) the manner or way or pattern of correcting such typographical errors; since the Applicants have realized that users correct typographical errors differently in vishing attack compared to in a non-vishing (non-attacked) situation. For example, in a vishing attack, the victim may pause for a few seconds, reading back to the attacker what the victim had has typed in, and then the victim may hit a single “backspace” to correct the last letter or digit that he typed; whereas, a non-vishing correction of typographical error often happens faster (e.g., without a delay for reading aloud to the attacker the data as typed) and/or involves the correction of more letters or digits or characters (e.g., one by one, or as a “burst” or “stretch” of multiple corrections performed consecutively). Accordingly, the system may comprise a Correctio Pattern Detector unit or module, to detect and characterize such correction patterns; to compare them to previous correction patterns as exhibited in the past by the same user; to compare them to pre-defined threshold values or ranges; and to determine, based on them, that a vishing attack is suspected to exist.

Additionally or alternatively, a User-Hesitation Detector, or a detector of input-unit interactions that indicate existence of user hesitation, may be included in the system and utilized for determining or estimating a vishing attack. Such detector may identify user hesitation, for example, exhibited by the user moving the on-screen-cursor more slowly (e.g., than before; or, than a pre-defined threshold value) in order to click a button and/or to engage with a GUI element and/or to take an action, particularly when compared with the user's behavior in general or in past usage sessions, or relative to the average values in the population, or relative to a pre-defined threshold value or range-of-values. The Applicants have realized that a vishing victim often hesitates and exhibits a greater number of events (or indicators) of user hesitation and/or longer periods of user-hesitation as the criminal guides him through the session; and tracking and monitoring these events may be utilized for determining a vishing attack.

Additionally or alternatively, a Typing Rhythm Analyzer 159 may analyze the user interactions and may characterize their rhythm; such as, not only the typing speed (e.g., characters per second), but rather, the internal patterns of typing and pausing; and such rhythm may be utilized to determine or to estimate that a vishing attack was performed. For example, a non-attacked user that types data into fields of a banking application or a banking website, to perform a wire transfer, may operate in a concise and focused manner that exhibits a generally fixed rhythm of entering data; such as, the non-attacked user enters the beneficiary name by rapid typing, then pauses for two seconds and enters the beneficiary address by rapid typing, then pauses for five seconds and enters the beneficiary account number, and so forth. In contrast, a victim of a vishing attack exhibits a different, unique, pattern or rhythm of typing and pausing; for example, starting the “wire transfer” data entry by a pause of non-activity (e.g., no data is typed or entered) while the vishing victim listens to the attacker for 15 seconds; then, typing in a first field at a relatively slower speed or pace (e.g., slower than previously-recorded pace or speed of that user), and in a manner or rhythm that indicates hesitation (e.g., typographical error(s) in simple fields that are supposed to be familiar to the user; slow typing of data that is supposed to be familiar to the user); then, another long pause of 12 seconds as the vishing victim listens to further instructions of the attacker then, slow entry and/or hesitant entry and/or error-infested entry of data into the next field; and so forth. The Typing Rhythm Analyzer 159 may thus autonomously detect or estimate, that an observed rhythm of typing or of typographical errors, is more similar to rhythms that are pre-defined as rhythms that are typically sensed in a vishing attack, relative to rhythms that characterize data entry by a non-attacked user.

Additionally or alternatively, system 100 may comprise or may utilize a unit or module which operates to detect or determine that the user of device 101 is operating the device 101 while also holding a phone; as this may be indicative of, or may base a determination of, a vishing attack being carried out against such user. For example, a Phone Holding Detector 160 may be part of device 101 and/or of computerized service 103, and may reach such determination based on one or more of the following sensed parameters, or by taking into account one or more, or some, or all of the following parameters: (1) detecting that the typing rhythm of the user on device 101, is similar (by at least a pre-defined threshold value of similarity) to a pre-defined typing rhythm that characterizes users that hold a phone to their ear while also operating a non-phone computing device such as device 101; for example, exhibiting pauses and non-typing periods and no-data-entry periods in which the user is listening to the phone, and/or exhibiting a pattern that indicates that the user is typing or entering data (or engaging with UI or GUI elements) only with one hand (e.g., since his other hand is holding the phone to his ear); (2) detecting that the typing rhythm of the user on device 101, is different (by at least a pre-defined threshold value of difference) from previous or past or historic or most-recent rhythm or rhythms that were monitored in the past for this particular user (e.g., in general, or in this particular type of transactions, such as in previous “fund transfer” transactions data entry); for example, in previous data entry session(s) of the same user in the same type of transactions, the user had a generally-fixed rhythm of typing or data entry and did not exhibit long (e.g., longer than N seconds, or other threshold value) periods of inactivity; whereas in the current or in the investigated usage session, the user exhibits one or more periods of inactivity or a “broken” or “interrupted” data entry process due to partial inability to type with two hands or due to the ability to type or to engage with UI or GUI elements with only one hand, or due to having a particular bodily posture (e.g., holding the phone to his ear via a raised shoulder) that causes the user to exhibit a different typing rhythm or data entry rhythm compared to previously-observed or historic or past data-entry rhythm of that user in this type of transactions; (3) similarly to parameter (1) above, detecting a current rhythm of introducing typographical errors, which is sufficiently similar to a pre-defined rhythm of introducing typographical errors that characterizes users that hold a phone to their ear; (4) similarly to parameter (2) above, detecting a current rhythm of introducing typographical errors, which is sufficiently different than (e.g., sufficiently greater than or more frequent than or more erroneous than) historic or past or previous or most-recent rhythm of introducing typographical errors of that same user and optionally for example in this type of transactions (e.g., the current rhythm of introducing typographical errors in a current usage of a wire-transfer page, as compared and as being different from previous or past characteristics of usage by the same user in previous or past utilizations of that wire-transfer page); (5) determining that a pattern or a characterizing feature of multiple on-screen pointer movements, that are a result of mouse gestures or touch-pad gestures or other input-unit gestures, is sufficiently similar to a pattern or to a characterizing feature that is pre-defined as such that characterizes a user that operates a non-phone device 101 while also holding a phone to his ear; (6) determining that a pattern or a characterizing feature of multiple on-screen pointer movements, that are a result of mouse gestures or touch-pad gestures or other input-unit gestures, is sufficiently different from previous or historic or past or most-recent pattern(s) or characterizing feature(s) of the same user, in general and/or particularly in similar past transactions that he performed or in the same type of transactions (e.g., comparing a pattern or a characterizing feature of multiple on-screen pointer movements in a current usage-session specifically in a wire-transfer page, to previous such patterns or characteristics in previous utilization of that particular wire-transfer page by the same user); (7) utilizing one or more data that is sensed or measured by accelerometer(s) and/or gyroscope(s) and/or compass unit(s) and/or device-orientation sensor(s) of device 101, to determine that the user is tilting or rotating or moving the device 101 (e.g., which may be a tablet that the user holds in two hands, while the user also holds a phone to his ear via his raised shoulder) in a manner or in a pattern or with behavioral characteristic or with spatial characteristics (e.g., device 101 orientation and changes therein; device spatial location and changes therein; device acceleration or deceleration and changes therein) that are sufficiently similar (e.g., beyond a pre-defined level of similarity) to a manner or a pattern or to a behavioral characteristic or to spatial characteristics that characterize a device that is being operated by a user while such user is also holding a phone to his ear; (8) similarly to parameter (7) above, determining that such sensed or measured data, is sufficiently different from the previously-observed or previously-sensed data that was sensed by the same type of sensors in one or more past or previous or historic or most recent usage sessions of the same user, optionally when he performed the same type of transaction on the same website or application. The above-mentioned conditions, criteria and/or parameters (or a selected subset of them) may be utilized in combination, and may be implemented, measured, detected, compared and/or analyzed via one or more suitable units or modules, for example, performed by a Data Entry Rhythm Detector 161, by a Typographical Errors Rhythm Detector 162, by a Spatial Characteristics Detector 163, and/or by other suitable units or modules.

In some embodiments, optionally, system 100 may comprise or may utilize a unit or module, such as an Alternating Smartphone Usage Detector 165, to detect or to estimate that a particular scenario is taking place or took place, in which the user is alternately utilizing one smartphone for both (I) receiving audio instructions from a third-party vishing attacker, and (II) accessing the computerized service (e.g., banking application, banking website) to perform such audio instructions via the touch-screen of that same smartphone. For example, the Alternating Smartphone Usage Detector 165 may utilize data sensed by the accelerometer(s) and/or gyroscope(s) and/or compass unit(s) and/or device-orientation sensor(s) of device 101, to detect an alternating pattern of spatial locations or characteristics; such as, detecting that the smartphone was put to the ear (e.g., a generally vertical orientation of the smartphone) for ten seconds (the user listens to audio instructions and is not engaging with the touch-screen of the smartphone), then detecting that the smartphone is generally horizontal and that the touch-screen of the smartphone is being engaged by the user (e.g., the user is not listening to audio instructions, and is entering data on the same smartphone), then repeating such alternate pattern of (I) smartphone being utilized for hearing audio instructions and/or for talking and/or being generally vertical in its orientation, and (II) smartphone is not being utilized for hearing audio instructions and/or is not being utilized for talking and/or is being in generally-horizontal orientation and/or is being utilized to enter data or to engage with UI or GUI elements via its touch-screen, and then repeating such alternating usage pattern, which is indicative of a vishing attack taking place in the background.

In some embodiments, optionally, system 100 capture audio sample(s) via a microphone of device 101, and may analyze them locally in device 101 and/or remotely in a remote server of computerized service, to perform speech-to-text conversion of such captured audio; and to detect one or more pre-defined keywords or natural language word(s) or term(s) that match a pre-defined list of keywords or terms that indicate that a third party is dictating to the user to perform online operations. For example, a local or remote Audio Sample Analyzer 166 may perform such speech-to-text conversion to extract words or phrases or terms from captured audio samples, and a Natural Language Processing (NLP) Analyzer 167 may analyze the extracted text or words or phrases or terms, optionally in relation to a pre-defined Lookup Table 168 or list or database of words or terms that characterize (or that are typically found in) a vishing attack; for example, detecting audio samples which comprise instructions such as “please click on the Beneficiary field on the left side” or such as “now, please select Wire Funds Now on the top-right corner of your screen”, and deducing that the operations are most-probably or more-probably associated with a vishing attack that is performed on the user of device 101 without his knowledge.

Some embodiments may utilize or may take into account, additionally or alternatively, an analysis of the Average Typing Speed of the user as a parameter for determining whether it is estimated that the user is operating within a vishing attack. In some embodiments, for example, the average typing speed (or the average data-entry speed) of a user may be lower than a pre-defined threshold, since he needs to follow vishing instructions (which introduce a delay, rather than typing spontaneously), and/or since the user is typing (or operating his electronic device) with only one hand while holding the phone in the other hand; and this may therefore be an indicator of a vishing attack. Alternatively, in other embodiments, average typing speed (or average data-entry speed) of the victim user may be faster or greater than a threshold value, since the user was interrupted from his regular activities due to the vishing attack phone call which is a nuisance to the user who is anxious to complete the required task and return to her regular activities. In some embodiments, the threshold value may be pre-defined or hard-coded; or may be determined based on an average of usage sessions of a population of users or a group of sessions that are known to be (or that are estimated to be) genuine non-vishing sessions; or may be determined based on the historical or past or previous usage sessions of the same user whose current interactions are analyzed.

For demonstrative purposes, the Average typing speed is utilized above, or the Average value of a particular characteristic is measured and then utilized; however, some embodiments may similarly utilize the maximum or minimal value, or the minimum or minimal value, or the mean or median value, or the variance or the standard deviation value(s), or the mod or most-frequent value, or other suitable values of a particular sensed or measured or tracked or monitored characteristics, instead of (or in addition to) utilizing the Average value. This approach may similarly apply to any other parameter or characteristic that is described above or herein.

It is noted that the fact that there may be two alternative effects for a vishing attack on the above-mentioned parameter, does not negate the utility of that parameter, and still enables to construct an efficient and effective system and method for detecting a vishing attack, which would be tailored to a particular online system based on the usage characteristics of that system. For example, FirstBank may perform an analysis of K usage sessions (e.g., 20 usage sessions) that are known to be, in retrospect, usage sessions performed by victims of vishing attacks; and may determine that due to the particular on-screen interface characteristics of FirstBank, all (or most, or 90 percent of) victims of vishing attacks in the platform of FirstBank have exhibited a slower or reduced Average Typing Speed during vishing attacks. Accordingly, the vishing detection method that FirstBank would use, may be configured such that a decrease (and not an increase) in the average typing speed is an indicator for a possible vishing attack. In contrast, SecondBank may have a different web site or platform or interface, and may perform its own analysis of N (e.g., 25) usage sessions that are known to be vishing attacks; and may find that in its unique platform, due to the particular on-screen interface characteristics of SecondBank, all (or most, or 80 percent of) victims of vishing attacks in the platform of SecondBank have exhibited a faster or greater Average Typing Speed during vishing attacks. Accordingly, the vishing detection method that SecondBank would use, may be configured such that an increase (and not a decrease) in the average typing speed is an indicator for a possible vishing attack. A similar approach may be applied to any other parameter that is described above or herein as a parameter that may indicate in some embodiments a vishing attack and in other embodiments a lack of vishing attack; the selection or the configuration which condition to utilize, may be performed based on an initial survey or initial analysis of a set of usage sessions that are known to be vishing attack in that particular platform or website or application or interface; and according to such initial survey or analysis, the method utilizes the particular condition that was found relevant to its particular platform. Accordingly, the legitimacy of utilization of indicators that can be construed in different or even in opposite ways, by different banks or retailers or online destinations or online venues or in different systems or platforms, may be based on one or more considerations; for example, that behavior of the same user, or of different users, may change in accordance with the different platforms or GUI interfaces presented to him, or due to utilization of a particular device; and/or since, for example, even on the same interface and/or the same type of device (e.g., laptop), different users may respond differently to the same interface presented to them, some users typing slower because they are holding the phone or are hesitant, whereas other users are typing faster because their eagerness to complete the task outweighs the factors that might slow them down. Therefore, a particular parameter, and the particular checking of its value against a particular threshold value or a threshold range-of-values, may be tailored by the system to a particular bank or retailer or UI or GUI or application, or to a particular online venue or destination or website, or to a particular page or transaction or transaction-page (e.g., to a wire-transfer page in a banking website), or to a particular user, or to a particular group or subset of users (e.g., only users that utilize the Spanish language version of the banking website and not the English language version of that banking website, or vice versa).

Some embodiments may utilize or may take into account, additionally or alternatively, an analysis of the Average Click (or Tap) Speed of the user as a parameter for determining whether it is estimated that the user is operating within a vishing attack. In some embodiments, for example, the Average Click Speed of a vishing victim is slower, or lower than a pre-defined threshold, or slower than his own previous sessions average click speed, since the victim user is unsure of the instructions that he receives over the phone or is hesitant to transact a large sum of money based on phone instructions. Alternatively, in other embodiments, it may be faster or greater than a threshold value, since the victim user is anxious to complete the task and get back to his regular activities. In some embodiments, the threshold value may be pre-defined or hard-coded; or may be determined based on an average of usage sessions of a population of users or a group of sessions that are known to be (or that are estimated to be) genuine non-vishing sessions; or may be determined based on the historical or past or previous usage sessions of the same user whose current interactions are analyzed.

Some embodiments may utilize or may take into account, additionally or alternatively, an analysis of the Usage-Session Length (e.g., time-length in seconds or minutes; or length as measured by the number of discrete operations and/or clicks and/or taps), as a parameter for determining whether it is estimated that the user is operating within a vishing attack. In some embodiments, for example, a vishing victim may exhibit a longer session length relative to a threshold value, since the user is receiving instructions from a remote attacker and the user is more likely to make errors and correct them, or to pause his activity in order to ask questions towards the attacker. In other embodiments, a vishing victim may exhibit a shorter session length, as he may attempt to merely get rid of the “nuisance” task that interrupted him within his activities, and/or since he does not need to search for data-items but rather they are dictated to him. In some embodiments, the threshold value may be pre-defined or hard-coded; or may be determined based on an average of usage sessions of a population of users or a group of sessions that are known to be (or that are estimated to be) genuine non-vishing sessions; or may be determined based on the historical or past or previous usage sessions of the same user whose current interactions are analyzed.

Some embodiments may utilize or may take into account, additionally or alternatively, an analysis of the inactivity period(s) of the user as a parameter for determining whether it is estimated that the user is operating within a vishing attack. In some embodiments, for example, a victim of a vishing attack may exhibit greater or longer inactivity period(s) during his usage session, and/or a longer cumulative inactivity period during his usage session, compared to his previous usage sessions or his average inactivity during his previous usage sessions or compared to a threshold value; for example, since the vishing victim is often inactive while she listens to instructions of the vishing attacker, and/or while she is asking questions towards the vishing attacker. In some embodiments, the threshold value may be pre-defined or hard-coded; or may be determined based on an average of usage sessions of a population of users or a group of sessions that are known to be (or that are estimated to be) genuine non-vishing sessions; or may be determined based on the historical or past or previous usage sessions of the same user whose current interactions are analyzed.

Some embodiments may utilize or may take into account, additionally or alternatively, an analysis of the Frequency of Mouse Turns (or of the on-screen cursor turns) of the user as a parameter for determining whether it is estimated that the user is operating within a vishing attack. In some embodiments, for example, a victim of a vishing attack may exhibit a greater number of mouse-turns or on-screen pointer turns, due to her uncertainty of the next step until the vishing attacker advises her what to do, and/or while she is navigating the page; and this may be compared to previous sessions of that user, and/or to a threshold value. In some embodiments, the threshold value may be pre-defined or hard-coded; or may be determined based on an average of usage sessions of a population of users or a group of sessions that are known to be (or that are estimated to be) genuine non-vishing sessions; or may be determined based on the historical or past or previous usage sessions of the same user whose current interactions are analyzed.

Some embodiments may utilize or may take into account, additionally or alternatively, an analysis of the Average Distance Between Clicks (or Taps; such as, taps of the user on a touch-pad of a laptop computer) of the user, during a usage session, as a parameter for determining whether it is estimated that the user is operating within a vishing attack. In some embodiments, for example, such distance is greater in a usage session of a victim of a vishing attack; as the user moves with the on-screen cursor with less purposefulness, and therefore exhibits more turns and curvature which increase the on-screen distance traveled, as the user is listening to instructions; relative to a usage session in which the user is acting on their own accord. The average distance between clicks (or taps), and/or the cumulative on-screen distance traveled in a usage session, may be compared to a threshold value. In some embodiments, the threshold value may be pre-defined or hard-coded; or may be determined based on an average of usage sessions of a population of users or a group of sessions that are known to be (or that are estimated to be) genuine non-vishing sessions; or may be determined based on the historical or past or previous usage sessions of the same user whose current interactions are analyzed.

Some embodiments may utilize or may take into account, additionally or alternatively, an analysis of the Average Time Between On-Screen Taps that the user performs directly on a touch-screen, during a usage session, as a parameter for determining whether it is estimated that the user is operating within a vishing attack. In some embodiments, for example, such time or time-gap or time-period may be greater in a usage session of a victim of a vishing attack, as the victim user operates with less purposefulness, and therefore exhibits lengthy delays or time-gaps between taps while the victim user is listening to instructions; relative to a usage session in which the user is acting on their own accord and the time gap between on-screen taps is shorter. The average time gap among on-screen taps, in a usage session, may be compared to a threshold value. In some embodiments, the threshold value may be pre-defined or hard-coded; or may be determined based on an average of usage sessions of a population of users or a group of sessions that are known to be (or that are estimated to be) genuine non-vishing sessions; or may be determined based on the historical or past or previous usage sessions of the same user whose current interactions are analyzed.

Some embodiments may utilize or may take into account, additionally or alternatively, an analysis of the Average Speed of Mouse Movement (or on-screen pointer movement) of the user as a parameter for determining whether it is estimated that the user is operating within a vishing attack. In some embodiments, for example, a vishing victim may move the mouse (or the on-screen pointer) slower, since user is unsure of how to proceed or is hesitant to proceed. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the victim user may act faster if he is anxious to complete the task and get back to his normal activities. In some embodiments, comparison may be done relative to a threshold value which may be pre-defined or hard-coded; or may be determined based on an average of usage sessions of a population of users or a group of sessions that are known to be (or that are estimated to be) genuine non-vishing sessions; or may be determined based on the historical or past or previous usage sessions of the same user whose current interactions are analyzed.

Some embodiments may utilize or may take into account, additionally or alternatively, an analysis of the Mouse (or the on-screen pointer) Displacement-to-Distance Ratio of the user, as a parameter for determining whether it is estimated that the user is operating within a vishing attack. In some embodiments, for example, distance indicates a total distance traveled from the starting point to the ending point; whereas displacement is the length of a straight line that connects the starting point with the ending point. For example, a user that moved the on-screen cursor from point A to point B and then back to point A, may exhibit an on-screen travel distance of 300 pixels, but a displacement of zero pixels since he ended where he started. The smaller the Displacement-to-Distance Ratio, the more indicative this ratio is that the user is performing an aimless doodling activity or aimless moving of the on-screen pointer, such as, since the user is a victim of a vishing attack that listens to instructions and/or waits for further instructions, rather than acting on her own accord. An increased doodling activity, or a reduced or lower Displacement-to-Distance Ratio, may indicate that the usage session was performed in a vishing attack. These parameters may be tracked and compared to a threshold; for example, in some embodiments, the threshold value may be pre-defined or hard-coded; or may be determined based on an average of usage sessions of a population of users or a group of sessions that are known to be (or that are estimated to be) genuine non-vishing sessions; or may be determined based on the historical or past or previous usage sessions of the same user whose current interactions are analyzed.

Some embodiments may utilize or may take into account, additionally or alternatively, an analysis of the Accelerometer Sensed-Data Statistics, of a usage session of the user, as a parameter for determining whether it is estimated that the user is operating within a vishing attack. In some embodiments, for example, when the user utilizes a smartphone to access an online account via its touch-screen, the monitoring may detect abnormal or irregular or increased angular acceleration metrics as the user moves the phone from her ear (while listening to instructions) to being in front of her face (to enact instructions on the touch-screen of the smartphone) and then back to her ear again, and so forth. Alternatively, even if the phone is put on speaker, the user may hold and move phone at different angles than they normally would. These parameters may be monitored and compared to a threshold value, which may be pre-defined or hard-coded; or may be determined based on an average of usage sessions of a population of users or a group of sessions that are known to be (or that are estimated to be) genuine non-vishing sessions; or may be determined based on the historical or past or previous usage sessions of the same user whose current interactions are analyzed.

In some embodiments, the determination whether or not a particular set of operations were performed within a vishing attack, may take into account one or more other data-items or characteristics; for example, the time-of-day in which those operations were performed. For example, user Adam is accessing his bank account at 2 AM Eastern Time, from his home in Boston; and performs a set of operations that trigger an initial estimation that they were performed within a vishing attack in which an attacker telephoned Adam and dictated to him or instructed him which operations to do. However, the system may have pre-defined time-slots, indicating that in the nightly time-slot of 11 PM until 6 AM, most users in that geographical region are presumed to be asleep, and it is very unlikely that a vishing attacker would call a vishing victim on his phone between 11 PM and 6 AM. Therefore, since the suspected set of operations were performed at 2 AM, this negates the initial estimation, and supports a determination that the operations were performed voluntarily by Adam and not within a vishing attack.

Some embodiments may utilize or may take into account, additionally or alternatively, an analysis of the Typing Rate Pattern or Data-Entry Rate Pattern or Typing Rhythm or Data-Entry Rhythm of the user as a parameter for determining whether it is estimated that the user is operating within a vishing attack. In some embodiments, for example, a user who is performing a voluntarily wire transfer to his friend “Jason Goldsmith”, may type “Jason” in one burst of keystrokes, then may exhibit a short delay, and then may type “Goldsmith” in one burst of keystrokes or alternatively in two bursts (“Gold”, then a short delay, then “smith”); as these are names that he is familiar with, and he exhibits a fluent Rhythm of typing (or data-entry) with less pauses between chunks of letters and/or with shorter pauses between chunks of letters. In contrast, a vishing victim who is not familiar with this name, and is instructed over the phone to type it, may type it slowly and may break it into a greater number of “chunks” of letters; for example, “Ja” and then “son” for Jason; and “Go” then “ld” then “smi” then “th” for Goldsmith, with more pauses and/or with longer pauses between chunks of letters. Accordingly, longer pauses, and a greater number of pauses, can be detected for data-entry in a field that is dictated or instructed to the typing user, rather than being typed voluntarily on his own accord. The typing rate pattern, or the fluency of data-entry or typing, or the number of letter chunks or letter chains, or the size (in letters) of such chunks, or the number and/or lengths of pauses between such chunks, may be analyzed and may be compared to previous usage-sessions of that same user and/or to pre-defined threshold value(s), in order to determine whether they indicate a vishing attack.

Similarly, the present invention may characterize and utilize the fluency or non-fluency of the user as he navigates and/or operates the on-screen components and GUI elements. For example, a victim of a vishing attack may exhibit slower and less-fluent navigation or operation of GUI elements, for example, slow movement of the on-screen pointer between on-screen GUI elements, as he listens to instructions from the vishing attacker, asks questions, and performs operations that may be at least partially unfamiliar to him. In contrast, a user who acts per his own will, without being instructed, may exhibit a more fluent navigation pattern and utilization of GUI elements, with less pauses, less delays, shorter delays, less mistakes (that are then correct by going back in the navigation), or other characteristics of fluent voluntary utilization of the interface. The system may allocate values to these parameters, and may compare them to previous usage sessions of the same user, and/or to pre-defined threshold values or ranges, in order to determine whether they indicate a vishing attack.

Some embodiments may detect that multiple login sessions occur concurrently, and may utilize this detection as an indicator for a vishing attack. For example, a vishing victim may be instructed by the attacker to login to his account from two devices, or from a first device and then (if the operations fails) from a second device; and the system may thus detect that a single wire transfer was initiated by a (victim) user that logged-in two times from two different devices within a pre-defined period (e.g., 10 minutes, or N minutes), an may utilize this detection of multiple login sessions, or multiple concurrent or partially-overlapping or simultaneous login sessions, as indicator for a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the system and method of the present invention may autonomously detect that while user Adam is accessing the website of MyBank.com through his smartphone, he is also concurrently talking on the same smartphone. For example, user Adam utilizes his smartphone, launches a web browser, accesses the website MyBank.com, and logs-in to his MyBank account through the web browser on his smartphone. The HTML/JavaScript/CSS code or a web-page on MyBank.com, includes a particular code-portion that causes automatic, silent, video playback of a minuscule video clip (e.g., 1×1 pixel) or a zero-sized video clip (e.g., having dimensions of 0x0 pixels) which has a certain length (e.g., shorter than 5 seconds). If that web-page is served to a smartphone that also has an ongoing telephone call, then the web-browser will not play the video; and the web-page code can detect that no playback has occurred, and determine that a telephone call is ongoing, and transfer this information to the remote server of the bank (or of the trusted third party). In contrast, if the smartphone is not currently within an ongoing telephone call, then the web browser will play the silent and small-size or hidden or zero-size video clip, and the playback event would be detected and reported, to indicate to the remote server that the smartphone is not utilized for an ongoing phone call in addition to web browsing.

For demonstrative purposes, portions of the discussion above and/or herein may relate to a user-invisible or user-transparent or non-observable automatic video playback, which is triggered or invoked and then tested to check if it was indeed performed or not by the end-user device (e.g., smartphone), in order to detect whether the smartphone is currently being utilized also for a cellular call or a telephone call; however, other embodiments of the present invention may similarly utilize a user-invisible or user-transparent or non-observable or non-user-detectable automatic audio playback, and particularly, automatic playback of a silent or an all-silence audio clip or audio segment or audio portion or audio file, which is triggered or invoked and then tested to check if it was indeed performed or not by the end-user device (e.g., smartphone), in order to detect whether the smartphone is currently being utilized also for a cellular call or a telephone call; since a smartphone (or at least some smartphones) that are currently utilized in an active phone call, do not perform automatic playback of an auto-playing audio clip and/or an auto-playing video clip, as to not disturb the user who is on a phone call. For example, the HTML/JavaScript/CSS code or a web-page on MyBank.com, includes a particular code-portion that causes automatic, silent, audio playback of a minuscule audio clip (e.g., optionally utilizing an on-screen component of 1×1 pixel, or a zero-sized on-screen component having dimensions of 0x0 pixels, or alternatively using other methods or plug-ins or add-ons or extensions which may cause or trigger or invoke auto-play of an audio clip on a smartphone) which has a certain length (e.g., shorter than 5 seconds). If that web-page (or other code or similar object) is served to a smartphone that also has an ongoing telephone call, then the web-browser will not auto-play the audio; and the web-page code can detect that no playback of the audio has automatically occurred, and determine that a telephone call is ongoing on that particular smartphone, and transfer this information to the remote server of the bank (or of the trusted third party) and/or to another security or fraud-prevention unit on the smartphone itself. In contrast, if the smartphone is not currently within an ongoing telephone call, then the web browser will auto-play the silent and small-size or hidden audio clip (and/or video clip, if served together with the audio clip; such as, as a double-testing mechanism), and the playback event would be detected and reported, to indicate to the remote server (and/or to other units or modules within the smartphone itself) that the smartphone is not utilized for an ongoing phone call in addition to web browsing.

In a demonstrative implementation, the following code-portion may be utilized as the video auto-play playback code:

_createVideoElement(src, maxDuration) {   this.video = document.createElement(‘video’);   this.video.style.height = 0;   this.video.style.width = 0;   this.video.style.visibility = ‘hidden’;   this.video.src = src;   this.video.zIndex = −1;   this.video.display = ‘none’;   this.video.loop = true;   this.video.muted = true;   /*   ### ‘playsinline’ property must be set by setAttribute  ###   ### Otherwise Safari browser will play a full screen video ###   */   this.video.setAttribute(‘playsinline’, ‘true’);

In a demonstrative implementation, the following code-portion may be used to check the video length and to handle it accordingly; and optionally, a similar code may be utilized with regard to an audio clip:

 //Is the video duration longer than 5 seconds ?  if(this.video.duration > maxDuration) {   this.video = null;  }  else { //subscribe to video events   this._utils.addEventListener(this.video, ‘pause’,   this._handleVideoEvent.bind(this, false));   this._utils.addEventListener(this.video, ‘play’,   this._handleVideoEvent.bind(this, true));   this._msgBus.subscribe(exports.MessageBusEventType.TouchEvent, this._onTouchEvent.bind(this));  } }

In a demonstrative implementation, the following code-portion may be used to handle the video event:

_handleVideoEvent (isPlaying) { } /* ### video is started on touch event ; this is because safari browser ### ### will not autoplay 0 pixel size videos automatically   ### ### starting the video requires user interaction     ### */ _onTouchEvent(event) {  if (this._video !== null && event.action ===     exports.EnumDefs.Events.touchEventType.touchstart) {   this._msgBus.unsubscribe(exports.MessageBusEventType. TouchEvent, this._onTouchCallback);   document.body.appendChild(this._video);   this._video.play( );   var duration = this._configMgr.get(‘videoPlaybackDurationSec’) || 5;   setTimeout(this.stopFeature.bind(this), duration * 1000);  } }

In a demonstrative implementation, the following code-portion or script may be used to generate and utilize a silent Push notification, which may indicate to the system (e.g., optionally via a remote URL) whether or not the recipient smartphone is also currently engaging with an ongoing telephone call:

/* ### This service is initialized as a Firebase push notification service. ### ### OnMessageReceived will be called with each incoming push notification. ### ### Each message contains a response URL that will receive the query response. ### ### Messages are passed to the relevant handler, such as, PhoneStateHandler ### ### where they are handled and a response is created.  ### */ public class PushService extends FirebaseMessagingService {  @Override  public void onMessageReceived(RemoteMessage request) {   super.onMessageReceived(request);   Map<String, String> data = request.getData( );   if (data.containsKey(“responseUrl”)) {    HttpClient responseClient = new    HttpClient(data.get(“responseUrl”));    PushCommunicator communicator = new    PushCommunicator(responseClient,          new PushHandler[ ] {      new PhoneStateHandler(getApplication( ))    });    communicator.handleMessageFromServer(request);   }  } }

In a demonstrative implementation, the following code-portion may be used to ensure that the Push notification is “silent” or is “empty” and not seen by the user:

/* ### Because users should not be aware of the silent notifications, ### ### the following message format which does not display a notification may be is used ### */ // ANDROID (Firebase) message = {   token: token,   data: {     msgType: msgType,     responseUrl: responseUrl   } } // IOS (APN) message = {   aps: {     ‘content-available’: ‘1’   },   payload: {     msgType: msgType,     responseUrl: responseUrl   } }

In a demonstrative implementation, the following code-portion (together with other code-portions described herein) may be used to detect characteristics of the output device (e.g., speakerphone of the smartphone; earphone jack of the smartphone; Bluetooth headset; regular speaker of the smartphone), the phone call state, the phone number, and whether or not it is already stored in the contact list on the smartphone:

public class PhoneStateHandler implements PushHandler {  public enum AudioOut { EARPIECE, SPEAKER, BLUETOOTH,  HEADSET }  private TelephonyManager telephony;  private AudioManager audioManager;  private Utils utils;  private ContentResolver resolver;

In a demonstrative implementation, the following code-portion may be used to detect the Phone State:

 public PhoneStateHandler(@NonNull Application application, @NonNull Utils utils) {   this.telephony                               = (TelephonyManager)application.getSystemService(Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE);   this.audioManager                              = (AudioManager)application.getSystemService(Context.AUDIO_SERVICE);   this.resolver = application.getContentResolver( );   this.utils = utils;  }  @Override  public void handleMassage(final PushCommunicator pushCommunicator, final PushResponse response) {   telephony.listen(new PhoneStateListener( ) {    public void onCallStateChanged(int state, String phoneNumber) {    try {     int output = state != TelephonyManager.CALL_STATE_IDLE ?         getOutput( ).ordinal( ) : −1;     if(!phoneNumber.isEmpty( )) {      response.setData(“isInContactList”, isInContactList(phoneNumber));     }     response.setData(“state”, state);     response.setData(“output”, output);     response.setData(“number”, phoneNumber);    }    catch (Throwable e) {     response.setError(e.toString( ));    }    finally {     pushCommunicator.sendResponse(response);    }   }  }, PhoneStateListener.LISTEN_CALL_STATE); }

In a demonstrative implementation, the following code-portion may be used to detect whether the ongoing phone call is with a phone number that is already stored in the contact list of that particular smartphone:

public boolean isInContactList(String phoneNumber) {  boolean isInContactList = false;  Uri uri =    Uri.withAppendedPath(ContactsContract.PhoneLookup.    CONTENT_FILTER_URI, Uri.encode(phoneNumber));  Cursor cursor = resolver.query(uri, new     String[ ]{ContactsContract.PhoneLookup.DISPLAY_NAME},     null, null, null);  if (cursor != null && cursor.moveToFirst( )) {   isInContactList = true;  }  if(cursor != null) {   cursor.close( );  }  return isInContactList; }

In a demonstrative implementation, the following code-portion may be used to detect the type of Audio Out component being used:

public AudioOut getOutput( ) {  AudioOut output = AudioOut.EARPIECE;  if(audioManager.isSpeakerphoneOn( )) {   output = AudioOut.SPEAKER;  }  else if(audioManager.isBluetoothScoOn( )) {   output = AudioOut.BLUETOOTH;  }  else if(isWiredHeadsetOn( )) {   output = AudioOut.HEADSET;  }  return output; }

In a demonstrative implementation, the following code-portion may be used to detect whether a Wired Headset is being used for the ongoing phone call:

 public boolean isWiredHeadsetOn( ) {   boolean isWiredHeadsetOn = false;   if (utils.isVersionGreaterOrEqualTo(android.os.Build.   VERSION_CODES.M)) {    AudioDeviceInfo[ ] devices =       audioManager.getDevices(AudioManager.       GET_DEVICES_OUTPUTS);    for(AudioDeviceInfo device : devices) {     int type = device.getType( );     if( type == AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_AUX_LINE ||      type == AudioDeviceInfo.      TYPE_WIRED_HEADPHONES ||      type == AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_WIRED_HEADSET) {      isWiredHeadsetOn = true;      break;     }    }   }   else {    isWiredHeadsetOn = audioManager.isWiredHeadsetOn( );   }   return isWiredHeadsetOn;  } }

The above code-portions demonstrate the ability of the present invention, to serve and/or to execute code on a smartphone or on an electronic device, via a web browser and/or via a native application or a mobile app, that provides to the system important information with regard to, for example: (A) whether or not the smartphone is currently being utilized for a telephone call; (B) which audio output component is utilized; (C) whether or not the ongoing phone call is with a phone number that is already stored in the contact list of the smartphone; and/or other suitable parameters, which may be utilized, individually or in combination, to determine that the user is a victim of a vishing attack, or to support (or to negate) such determination. For example, detecting that A is positive (the user is also engaging in a phone call) supports or strengthens a vishing determination; whereas, detecting that A is negative negates or weakens a vishing determination. For example, parameter B indicating that a speakerphone is used, may support or may strengthen a vishing determination. For example, parameter C being positive, may weaken a vishing determination since it is more likely that a vishing attacker is not utilizing a phone number that is pre-stored in the victim's contact list (which is unknown to the victim's attacker, and typically includes his friends, his family, and his co-workers). The system of the present invention may utilize a lookup table, or a weighted function or formula, or a scoring mechanism, to allocate weights or scores to each parameter of detected condition, and to calculate an aggregate or cumulative or weighted score with regard to the probability of vishing attack based on these weighted parameters or score-components.

Although portions of the discussion herein relate, for demonstrative purposes, to wired links and/or wired communications, some embodiments of the present invention are not limited in this regard, and may include one or more wired or wireless links, may utilize one or more components of wireless communication, may utilize one or more methods or protocols of wireless communication, or the like. Some embodiments may utilize wired communication and/or wireless communication.

The present invention may be implemented by using hardware units, software units, processors, CPUs, DSPs, integrated circuits, memory units, storage units, wireless communication modems or transmitters or receivers or transceivers, cellular transceivers, a power source, input units, output units, Operating System (OS), drivers, applications, and/or other suitable components.

The present invention may be implemented by using a special-purpose machine or a specific-purpose that is not a generic computer, or by using a non-generic computer or a non-general computer or machine. Such system or device may utilize or may comprise one or more units or modules that are not part of a “generic computer” and that are not part of a “general purpose computer”, for example, cellular transceivers, cellular transmitter, cellular receiver, GPS unit, location-determining unit, accelerometer(s), gyroscope(s), device-orientation detectors or sensors, device-positioning detectors or sensors, or the like.

The present invention may be implemented by using code or program code or machine-readable instructions or machine-readable code, which is stored on a non-transitory storage medium or non-transitory storage article (e.g., a CD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, a physical memory unit, a physical storage unit), such that the program or code or instructions, when executed by a processor or a machine or a computer, cause such device to perform a method in accordance with the present invention.

The present invention may enable machines and/or computerized systems to have new capabilities and/or new functions that were not available to such machines or systems so far; including, for example: a new capability to correctly differentiate among multiple human users; a new capability for machines or computerized systems to differentiate between (I) a legitimate or “naïve” user, and (II) a fraudster or a human user having criminal intent or an illegitimate user; a new capability for machines or computerized systems allowing the machine or the computerized system to defend itself or to protect itself against cyber-attacks and/or illegitimate operations, and/or against impostors or identity-thieves or dishonest users; a new capability for machines or computerized systems to correctly identify and/or detect that a current user of an online resource or an online destination, is not the same human user that had accessed the same resource previously, even if the two access sessions were performed via the same device and/or via the same browser or application and/or from the same IP address and/or when the user/s are already logged-in and/or are already authenticated; a new capability for machines or computerized systems to defend or protect themselves against fraudulent transactions or criminal behavior or against hackers, crackers, human hackers, automated hacking tools, “bot” or other automated scripts; a new capability for machines or computerized systems to initiate and to perform fraud-mitigation operations based on analysis of user interactions; improved security and/or integrity and/or reliability of machines and computerized systems; and/or other new capabilities that conventional machines and conventional computerized systems do not have and that the present invention provides.

Embodiments of the present invention may be utilized with a variety of devices or systems having a touch-screen or a touch-sensitive surface; for example, a smartphone, a cellular phone, a mobile phone, a smart-watch, a tablet, a handheld device, a portable electronic device, a portable gaming device, a portable audio/video player, an Augmented Reality (AR) device or headset or gear, a Virtual Reality (VR) device or headset or gear, a “kiosk” type device, a vending machine, an Automatic Teller Machine (ATM), a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a vehicular computer, a vehicular dashboard, a vehicular touch-screen, or the like.

Although portions of the discussion herein relate, for demonstrative purposes, to wired links and/or wired communications, some embodiments of the present invention are not limited in this regard, and may include one or more wired or wireless links, may utilize one or more components of wireless communication, may utilize one or more methods or protocols of wireless communication, or the like. Some embodiments may utilize wired communication and/or wireless communication.

The system(s) and/or device(s) of the present invention may optionally comprise, or may be implemented by utilizing suitable hardware components and/or software components; for example, processors, processor cores, Central Processing Units (CPUs), Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), circuits, Integrated Circuits (ICs), controllers, memory units, registers, accumulators, storage units, input units (e.g., touch-screen, keyboard, keypad, stylus, mouse, touchpad, joystick, trackball, microphones), output units (e.g., screen, touch-screen, monitor, display unit, audio speakers), acoustic microphone(s) and/or sensor(s), optical microphone(s) and/or sensor(s), laser or laser-based microphone(s) and/or sensor(s), wired or wireless modems or transceivers or transmitters or receivers, GPS receiver or GPS element or other location-based or location-determining unit or system, network elements (e.g., routers, switches, hubs, antennas), and/or other suitable components and/or modules.

The system(s) and/or devices of the present invention may optionally be implemented by utilizing co-located components, remote components or modules, “cloud computing” servers or devices or storage, client/server architecture, peer-to-peer architecture, distributed architecture, and/or other suitable architectures or system topologies or network topologies.

In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, calculations, operations and/or determinations may be performed locally within a single device, or may be performed by or across multiple devices, or may be performed partially locally and partially remotely (e.g., at a remote server) by optionally utilizing a communication channel to exchange raw data and/or processed data and/or processing results.

Some embodiments may be implemented by using a special-purpose machine or a specific-purpose device that is not a generic computer, or by using a non-generic computer or a non-general computer or machine. Such system or device may utilize or may comprise one or more components or units or modules that are not part of a “generic computer” and that are not part of a “general purpose computer”, for example, cellular transceivers, cellular transmitter, cellular receiver, GPS unit, location-determining unit, accelerometer(s), gyroscope(s), device-orientation detectors or sensors, device-positioning detectors or sensors, or the like.

Some embodiments may be implemented as, or by utilizing, an automated method or automated process, or a machine-implemented method or process, or as a semi-automated or partially-automated method or process, or as a set of steps or operations which may be executed or performed by a computer or machine or system or other device.

Some embodiments may be implemented by using code or program code or machine-readable instructions or machine-readable code, which may be stored on a non-transitory storage medium or non-transitory storage article (e.g., a CD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, a physical memory unit, a physical storage unit), such that the program or code or instructions, when executed by a processor or a machine or a computer, cause such processor or machine or computer to perform a method or process as described herein. Such code or instructions may be or may comprise, for example, one or more of: software, a software module, an application, a program, a subroutine, instructions, an instruction set, computing code, words, values, symbols, strings, variables, source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code; including (but not limited to) code or instructions in high-level programming language, low-level programming language, object-oriented programming language, visual programming language, compiled programming language, interpreted programming language, C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, SQL, Ruby on Rails, Go, Cobol, Fortran, ActionScript, AJAX, XML, JSON, Lisp, Eiffel, Verilog, Hardware Description Language (HDL, BASIC, Visual BASIC, Matlab, Pascal, HTML, HTML5, CSS, Perl, Python, PHP, machine language, machine code, assembly language, or the like.

Discussions herein utilizing terms such as, for example, “processing”, “computing”, “calculating”, “determining”, “establishing”, “analyzing”, “checking”, “detecting”, “measuring”, or the like, may refer to operation(s) and/or process(es) of a processor, a computer, a computing platform, a computing system, or other electronic device or computing device, that may automatically and/or autonomously manipulate and/or transform data represented as physical (e.g., electronic) quantities within registers and/or accumulators and/or memory units and/or storage units into other data or that may perform other suitable operations.

Some embodiments of the present invention may perform steps or operations such as, for example, “determining”, “identifying”, “comparing”, “checking”, “querying”, “searching”, “matching”, and/or “analyzing”, by utilizing, for example: a pre-defined threshold value to which one or more parameter values may be compared; a comparison between (i) sensed or measured or calculated value(s), and (ii) pre-defined or dynamically-generated threshold value(s) and/or range values and/or upper limit value and/or lower limit value and/or maximum value and/or minimum value; a comparison or matching between sensed or measured or calculated data, and one or more values as stored in a look-up table or a legend table or a list of reference value(s) or a database of reference values or ranges; a comparison or matching or searching process which searches for matches and/or identical results and/or similar results and/or sufficiently-close results, among multiple values or limits that are stored in a database or look-up table; utilization of one or more equations, formula, weighted formula, and/or other calculation in order to determine similarity or a match between or among parameters or values; utilization of comparator units, lookup tables, threshold values, conditions, conditioning logic, Boolean operator(s) and/or other suitable components and/or operations.

The terms “plurality” and “a plurality”, as used herein, include, for example, “multiple” or “two or more”. For example, “a plurality of items” includes two or more items.

References to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “demonstrative embodiment”, “various embodiments”, “some embodiments”, and/or similar terms, may indicate that the embodiment(s) so described may optionally include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but not every embodiment necessarily includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Repeated use of the phrase “in one embodiment” does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, although it may. Repeated use of the phrase “in some embodiments” does not necessarily refer to the same set or group of embodiments, although it may.

As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the utilization of ordinal adjectives such as “first”, “second”, “third”, “fourth”, and so forth, to describe an item or an object, merely indicates that different instances of such like items or objects are being referred to; and does not intend to imply as if the items or objects so described must be in a particular given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other ordering manner.

Some embodiments may comprise, or may be implemented by using, an “app” or application which may be downloaded or obtained from an “app store” or “applications store”, for free or for a fee, or which may be pre-installed on a computing device or electronic device, or which may be transported to and/or installed on such computing device or electronic device.

In some embodiments, a method comprises: (a) monitoring user interactions of a user that utilizes an electronic device to interact with a computerized service; (b) analyzing said user interactions, and determining that a set of operations were performed by said user as part of a vishing attack in which an attacker dictated to said user which operations to perform in said computerized service.

In some embodiments, the analyzing of step (b) comprises: determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack, based on a detected match between: (I) said set of operations, and (II) a pre-defined playbook of operations that are dictated by attackers in vishing attacks.

In some embodiments, the analyzing of step (b) comprises: (i) comparing between (I) said set of operations performed by the user, and (II) a pre-defined vishing attack playbook that is utilized by vishing attackers; (ii) determining that said set of operations is sufficiently similar, beyond a pre-defined threshold value of similarity, to said pre-defined vishing attack playbook; (iii) based on the determining of step (ii), determining that said set of operations were performed by said user as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: (i) storing in a vishing attack playbook database, two or more playbooks of vishing attacks; (ii) comparing between (I) said set of operations performed by the user, and (II) each one of said two or more playbooks of vishing attacks; (iii) determining that said set of operations is sufficiently similar, beyond a pre-defined threshold value of similarity, to a particular playbook; (iv) based on the determining of step (iii), determining that said set of operations were performed by said user as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the monitoring of step (a) comprises: monitoring user interactions of a customer of a financial service provider, wherein said user utilizes said electronic device to interact with a website or an application of said financial service provider; wherein step (b) comprises: (A) scanning historic transactions that were submitted online to said financial service provider; (B) detecting a match between (I) a set of online operations that were performed as part of a particular historic transaction, and (II) a pre-defined playbook of vishing attack; (C) based on the match detected in step (B), determining that said historic transaction was more-probably performed by a victim of a vishing attack that received dictated telephonic instructions.

In some embodiments, the monitoring of step (a) comprises: determining a particular typing rhythm that characterizes said set of operations performed by said user; wherein step (b) comprises: comparing between (I) the particular typing rhythm that characterizes said set of operations performed by said user, and (II) one or more typing rhythms that characterize data entry by vishing attack victims that perform dictated instructions; and based on said comparing, determining that said set of operations were performed by said user as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: storing in a database two or more representations of typing rhythms that characterize data entry by victims of vishing attacks; wherein the monitoring of step (a) comprises: determining a particular typing rhythm that characterizes said set of operations performed by said user; wherein step (b) comprises: detecting a match between (I) the particular typing rhythm that characterizes said set of operations performed by said user, and (II) at least one typing rhythm that characterizes victims of vishing attacks as stored in said database.

In some embodiments, step (b) comprises: (A) detecting that said user interactions, during a process of entering a financial transaction, include a doodling activity; (B) based on the detecting of step (A), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, step (b) comprises: (A) detecting that said user interactions, during a process of entering a financial transaction, include a doodling activity that is longer than a pre-defined threshold value of N seconds, wherein N is a positive number; (B) based on the detecting of step (A), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, step (b) comprises: (A) detecting that said user interactions, during a process of entering a financial transaction, include a doodling activity; and further detecting that previous usage sessions by said user did not include doodling activity; (B) based on step (A), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, step (b) comprises: (A) detecting that said user interactions, during a process of entering a financial transaction, include a doodling activity that is longer than a pre-defined threshold value of N seconds, wherein N is a positive number; and further determining that previous usage sessions of said user included doodling activity that is shorter than a pre-defined value of M seconds, wherein M is a positive number and wherein M is smaller than N; and (B) based on step (A), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, said electronic device is a smartphone; wherein step (b) comprises: (A) sensing device orientation data of said smartphone, via at least one of: an accelerometer of said smartphone, a gyroscope of said smartphone, a compass unit of said smartphone, a device-orientation sensor of said smartphone; (B) detecting an alternating usage pattern of said smartphone, in which the smartphone is alternating between: (B1) being utilized for hearing telephonic audio while not being engaged via its touch-screen, and (B2) being engaged via its touch-screen; (C) based on the alternating usage pattern detected in step (B), determining that said smartphone was utilized to access said computerized service within a vishing attack against said user.

In some embodiments, step (b) comprises: (A) detecting that said user interactions, during a process of entering a financial transaction, exhibit a behavioral pattern that matches a pre-defined behavioral pattern that characterizes users that both (A1) operate an electronic device to access the computerized service and also (A2) concurrently hold a phone to their ear; (B) based on step (A), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, step (b) comprises: (A) detecting that said user interactions, during a process of entering a financial transaction, exhibit a data entry rhythm that matches a pre-defined data entry rhythm that characterizes users that both (A1) operate an electronic device to access the computerized service and also (A2) concurrently hold a phone to their ear; (B) based on step (A), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, step (b) comprises: (A) detecting that said user interactions, during a process of entering a financial transaction, exhibit a typographical errors introduction rhythm that matches a pre-defined typographical errors introduction rhythm that characterizes users that both (A1) operate an electronic device to access the computerized service and also (A2) concurrently hold a phone to their ear; (B) based on step (A), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, step (b) comprises: (A) detecting that said user interactions, during a process of entering a financial transaction, exhibit a behavioral pattern that indicates that said user is utilizing only one hand to enter data and to engage with GUI elements of said computerized service; (B) based on an analysis that takes into account at least the detecting result of step (A), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, said electronic device is a non-smartphone device; wherein step (b) comprises: (A) sensing device orientation data and device spatial data of said electronic device, via at least one of: an accelerometer of said electronic device, a gyroscope of said electronic device, a compass unit of said electronic device, a device-orientation sensor of said electronic device; (B) detecting that said user interactions, during a process of entering a financial transaction, exhibit a pattern of device orientation data and of device spatial data that is sufficiently similar to a pre-defined pattern that characterizes computing devices that are operated by victims of vishing attacks while also holding a phone to their ear; (C) based on step (B), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, said electronic device is a non-smartphone device; wherein step (b) comprises: (A) detecting an alternating usage pattern of said electronic device by said user, which alternates between: (A1) a period of no data entry through the electronic device, and (A2) a period of data entry through the electronic device; (B) determining that said alternating usage pattern matches a pre-defined usage pattern of electronic devices that are utilized in a vishing attack; (C) based on step (B), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack.

Some embodiments comprise a non-transitory storage article or storage medium having stored thereon instruction that, when executed by a machine, cause the machine to perform a method as described above or herein.

In some embodiments, a system comprises a vishing attack detector, configured (a) to monitor user interactions of a user that utilizes an electronic device to interact with a computerized service, and (b) to analyze said user interactions, and to determine that a set of operations were performed by said user as part of a vishing attack in which an attacker dictated to said user which operations to perform in said computerized service.

The present invention comprises devices, systems, and methods of detecting a vishing attack, in which an attacker provides to a victim step-by-step over-the-phone instructions that command the victim to log-in to his bank account and to perform a dictated banking transaction. For example, the system monitors transactions, online operations, user interactions, gestures performed via input units, and user engagement with User Interface elements. The system detects that the operations performed by the victim, follow a pre-defined playbook of a vishing attack. The system detects that the victim operates under duress or under dictated instructions, as exhibited in irregular doodling activity, data entry rhythm, typographical error introduction rhythm, unique posture of the user, alternating pattern of listening to phone instructions and performing online operations via a computer, and device orientation changes or spatial changes that characterize a device being used to perform an online transaction while also talking on the phone.

In some embodiments, a method or a process comprises: (a) monitoring information that includes at least one of: (i) user interactions of a user that utilizes an electronic device to interact with a computerized service, (ii) operational characteristics of said electronic device; (b) analyzing said information, and determining that a set of operations were performed by said user as part of a vishing attack in which an attacker dictated to said user which operations to perform in said computerized service.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: monitoring an average typing speed of said user; and based on monitored average typing speed of said user, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: monitoring an average mouse-click speed of said user; and based on monitored average mouse-clock speed of said user, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: monitoring a usage-session time-length of multiple usage-sessions of said user; and based on monitored usage-session time-length, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: monitoring periods of inactivity of said user during usage sessions; and based on monitored inactivity periods, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: monitoring frequency of on-screen-pointer turns of said user; and based on monitored frequency of on-screen-pointer turns, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: monitoring an average on-screen distance traveled between clicks of said user; and based on monitored on-screen distance traveled between clicks, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: monitoring an average speed of movement of on-screen-pointer; and based on monitored average speed of movement of on-screen-pointer, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: monitoring a ratio of displacement to distance of on-screen-pointer; and based on monitored ratio of displacement to distance, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: monitoring accelerometer data of said electronic device, and determining that said electronic device is alternated by said user, between (i) a first position in which the electronic device is positioned generally-vertically at the user's ear and is used for talking, and (ii) a second position in which the electronic device is positioned generally-horizontally and is used for operating its touch-screen; based on alternation back-and-forth between the first position and the second position, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: monitoring gyroscope data of said electronic device, and determining that said electronic device is alternated by said user, between (i) a first position in which the electronic device is positioned generally-vertically at the user's ear and is used for talking, and (ii) a second position in which the electronic device is positioned generally-horizontally and is used for operating its touch-screen; based on alternation back-and-forth between the first position and the second position, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: monitoring device-orientation data of said electronic device, and determining that said electronic device is alternated by said user, between (i) a first position in which the electronic device is positioned generally-vertically at the user's ear and is used for talking, and (ii) a second position in which the electronic device is positioned generally-horizontally and is used for operating its touch-screen; based on alternation back-and-forth between the first position and the second position, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: instructing said electronic device to automatically play a particular video clip; checking whether said video clip was actually played by said electronic device; and based on the checking result, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: instructing said electronic device to automatically play a particular video clip that is non-observable to a user of said electronic device; checking whether said video clip was actually played by said electronic device; and based on the checking result, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: detecting a set of operations that were performed by said user via said electronic device, which triggers an initial estimation that said set of operations were performed within a vishing attack; determining that said set of operations were performed during a nightly time-slot in which most users in a particular geographic region are asleep; and detecting that said initial estimation of a vishing attack is incorrect.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: (A) defining a parameter that indicates fluency of navigation of the user through multiple pages and multiple GUI elements of an online interface; (B) tracking fluency of navigation of said user across multiple usage sessions, and updating said parameter; (C) based on said parameter indicating fluency of navigation, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: (A) defining a parameter that indicates characteristics of letter-chunks that the user enters consecutively; (B) tracking data-entry by the user across multiple usage-sessions, and updating said parameter; (C) based on said parameter indicating characteristics of letter-chunks, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack, is based at least in part on detecting that a single online account of said user was accessed via multiple different login sessions within a pre-defined time period.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: monitoring characteristics of typing rhythm exhibited by said user; and based on monitored characteristics of typing rhythm, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: (A) monitoring characteristics of typing rhythm exhibited by said user; (B) determining that typing rhythm in a particular usage-session of said user, is sufficiently different from previous typing rethemes exhibited in multiple previous usage-sessions of said user; and determining that said particular usage-session was part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: instructing said electronic device to automatically play a particular audio clip; checking whether said audio clip was actually played by said electronic device; and based on the checking result, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: instructing said electronic device to automatically play a silent audio clip; checking whether said silent audio clip was actually played by said electronic device; and based on the checking result, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: monitoring an average time-gap between on-screen taps that said user performs directly via a touch-screen; and based on monitored average time-gap between on-screen taps that said user performs directly via said touch-screen, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: monitoring a maximum value of typing speed of said user; and based on monitored maximum value of typing speed of said user, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: monitoring a minimum value of typing speed of said user; and based on monitored minimum value of typing speed of said user, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: monitoring a maximum value of mouse-click speed of said user; and based on monitored maximum value of mouse-click speed of said user, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: monitoring a minimum value of mouse-click speed of said user; and based on monitored minimum value of mouse-click speed of said user, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: (A) detecting that user interactions, during a process of entering data of a financial transaction, include an average idle-time that is longer than a pre-defined threshold value of N seconds, wherein N is a positive number; (B) based on the detecting of step (A), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: (A) detecting that user interactions, during a process of entering data of a financial transaction, include a number of idle-time events that is greater by at least N percent than a pre-defined threshold value, wherein N is a positive number; (B) based on the detecting of step (A), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: (A) detecting that said user interactions, during a process of entering data of a financial transaction, exhibit a pattern of correction of typographical errors that is different from said pattern exhibited in previous usage-sessions of said user; (B) based on step (A), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack.

In some embodiments, the method or the process comprises: (A) detecting that said user interactions, during a process of performing a financial transaction, exhibit a current number of user-hesitation indicators that is greater than a previous number of user-hesitation indicators that were exhibited in one or more previous usage-sessions of said user; (B) based on step (A), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack.

Functions, operations, components and/or features described herein with reference to one or more embodiments of the present invention, may be combined with, or may be utilized in combination with, one or more other functions, operations, components and/or features described herein with reference to one or more other embodiments of the present invention. The present invention may comprise any possible combinations, re-arrangements, assembly, re-assembly, or other utilization of some or all of the modules or functions or components that are described herein, even if they are discussed in different locations or different chapters of the above discussion, or even if they are shown across different drawings or multiple drawings.

While certain features of the present invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents may occur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the claims are intended to cover all such modifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A process comprising: (a) monitoring information that includes at least one of: (i) user interactions of a user that utilizes an electronic device to interact with a computerized service, (ii) operational characteristics of said electronic device; (b) analyzing said information, and determining that a set of operations were performed by said user as part of a vishing attack in which an attacker dictated to said user which operations to perform in said computerized service.
 2. The process of claim 1, comprising: monitoring an average typing speed of said user; and based on monitored average typing speed of said user, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 3. The process of claim 1, comprising: monitoring an average mouse-click speed of said user; and based on monitored average mouse-clock speed of said user, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 4. The process of claim 1, comprising: monitoring a usage-session time-length of multiple usage-sessions of said user; and based on monitored usage-session time-length, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 5. The process of claim 1, comprising: monitoring periods of inactivity of said user during usage sessions; and based on monitored inactivity periods, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 6. The process of claim 1, comprising: monitoring frequency of on-screen-pointer turns of said user; and based on monitored frequency of on-screen-pointer turns, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 7. The process of claim 1, comprising: monitoring an average on-screen distance traveled between clicks of said user; and based on monitored on-screen distance traveled between clicks, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 8. The process of claim 1, comprising: monitoring an average speed of movement of on-screen-pointer; and based on monitored average speed of movement of on-screen-pointer, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 9. The process of claim 1, comprising: monitoring a ratio of displacement to distance of on-screen-pointer; and based on monitored ratio of displacement to distance, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 10. The process of claim 1, comprising: monitoring accelerometer data of said electronic device, and determining that said electronic device is alternated by said user, between (i) a first position in which the electronic device is positioned generally-vertically at the user's ear and is used for talking, and (ii) a second position in which the electronic device is positioned generally-horizontally and is used for operating its touch-screen; based on alternation back-and-forth between the first position and the second position, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 11. The process of claim 1, comprising: monitoring gyroscope data of said electronic device, and determining that said electronic device is alternated by said user, between (i) a first position in which the electronic device is positioned generally-vertically at the user's ear and is used for talking, and (ii) a second position in which the electronic device is positioned generally-horizontally and is used for operating its touch-screen; based on alternation back-and-forth between the first position and the second position, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 12. The process of claim 1, comprising: monitoring device-orientation data of said electronic device, and determining that said electronic device is alternated by said user, between (i) a first position in which the electronic device is positioned generally-vertically at the user's ear and is used for talking, and (ii) a second position in which the electronic device is positioned generally-horizontally and is used for operating its touch-screen; based on alternation back-and-forth between the first position and the second position, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 13. The process of claim 1, comprising: instructing said electronic device to automatically play a particular video clip; checking whether said video clip was actually played by said electronic device; and based on the checking result, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 14. The process of claim 1, comprising: instructing said electronic device to automatically play a particular video clip that is non-observable to a user of said electronic device; checking whether said video clip was actually played by said electronic device; and based on the checking result, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 15. The process of claim 1, comprising: detecting a set of operations that were performed by said user via said electronic device, which triggers an initial estimation that said set of operations were performed within a vishing attack; determining that said set of operations were performed during a nightly time-slot in which most users in a particular geographic region are asleep; and detecting that said initial estimation of a vishing attack is incorrect.
 16. The process of claim 1, comprising: (A) defining a parameter that indicates fluency of navigation of the user through multiple pages and multiple GUI elements of an online interface; (B) tracking fluency of navigation of said user across multiple usage sessions, and updating said parameter; (C) based on said parameter indicating fluency of navigation, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 17. The process of claim 1, comprising: (A) defining a parameter that indicates characteristics of letter-chunks that the user enters consecutively; (B) tracking data-entry by the user across multiple usage-sessions, and updating said parameter; (C) based on said parameter indicating characteristics of letter-chunks, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 18. The process of claim 1, wherein determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack, is based at least in part on detecting that a single online account of said user was accessed via multiple different login sessions within a pre-defined time period.
 19. The process of claim 1, comprising: monitoring characteristics of typing rhythm exhibited by said user; and based on monitored characteristics of typing rhythm, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 20. The process of claim 1, comprising: (A) monitoring characteristics of typing rhythm exhibited by said user; (B) determining that typing rhythm in a particular usage-session of said user, is sufficiently different from previous typing rethemes exhibited in multiple previous usage-sessions of said user; and determining that said particular usage-session was part of a vishing attack.
 21. The process of claim 1, comprising: instructing said electronic device to automatically play a particular audio clip; checking whether said audio clip was actually played by said electronic device; and based on the checking result, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 22. The process of claim 1, comprising: instructing said electronic device to automatically play a silent audio clip; checking whether said silent audio clip was actually played by said electronic device; and based on the checking result, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 23. The process of claim 1, comprising: monitoring an average time-gap between on-screen taps that said user performs directly via a touch-screen; and based on monitored average time-gap between on-screen taps that said user performs directly via said touch-screen, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 24. The process of claim 1, comprising: monitoring a maximum value of typing speed of said user; and based on monitored maximum value of typing speed of said user, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 25. The process of claim 1, comprising: monitoring a minimum value of typing speed of said user; and based on monitored minimum value of typing speed of said user, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 26. The process of claim 1, comprising: monitoring a maximum value of mouse-click speed of said user; and based on monitored maximum value of mouse-click speed of said user, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 27. The process of claim 1, comprising: monitoring a minimum value of mouse-click speed of said user; and based on monitored minimum value of mouse-click speed of said user, determining that said set of operations were performed as part of a vishing attack.
 28. The process of claim 1, comprising: (A) detecting that user interactions, during a process of entering data of a financial transaction, include an average idle-time that is longer than a pre-defined threshold value of N seconds, wherein N is a positive number; (B) based on the detecting of step (A), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack.
 29. The process of claim 1, comprising: (A) detecting that user interactions, during a process of entering data of a financial transaction, include a number of idle-time events that is greater by at least N percent than a pre-defined threshold value, wherein N is a positive number; (B) based on the detecting of step (A), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack.
 30. The process of claim 1, comprising: (A) detecting that said user interactions, during a process of entering data of a financial transaction, exhibit a pattern of correction of typographical errors that is different from said pattern exhibited in previous usage-sessions of said user; (B) based on step (A), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack.
 31. The process of claim 1, comprising: (A) detecting that said user interactions, during a process of performing a financial transaction, exhibit a current number of user-hesitation indicators that is greater than a previous number of user-hesitation indicators that were exhibited in one or more previous usage-sessions of said user; (B) based on step (A), determining that said financial transaction was entered by a victim of a vishing attack. 